Southeast Asian irregulars

If you’re ever bereft of ideas for how to spend your ill-gotten cryptocurrency profits, I’d recommend commissioning a line of wargaming miniatures. It’s a lot less crass than a Panerai, and just as functional. That is, if utility is to be measured by the number of hours derived from painting and playing with little bobs of lead. For it is deeply satisfying — therapeutically so — to see a figure made in the pose and clothes you specified. There’s also the added benefit of topping up your karma, as sponsoring a range is the highest form of altruism a couchbound gamer can engage in, short of giving away his entire painted collection for free. Because thanks to you, kindred spirits in locales as diverse and far-flung as Bowling Green and Fremantle will also be able to enrich their lead piles with hitherto unavailable troop types.

Or at least that’s how I have rationalised my paying the proprietor of Elhiem Figures to tailor-make me a range of tropical civilians for the 1940s. Which as a mental exercise is really unnecessary when assessed next to the tidy sums I used to spend on craft beers and equally overpriced cocktails each week in the pre-pandemic age.

While these will be hitting my tabletop as Thai home guard volunteers for use against Vichy raiders and Japanese invaders, they are also spot-on for a wide gamut of historical forces, from pro-Japanese auxiliaries and anti-Japanese guerrillas to post-war nationalist militias, to say nothing of their obvious Pulp potential for adventures on the Amazon or Yangtze.

Take, for example, the Burma Independence Army, who figured frequently in the 1942 campaign not just as scouts but also fighting men in their own right (though a prolonged brush with the 4/12th Frontier Force Regiment near Shwedaung apparently resulted in their avoiding pitched battles with the retreating British from then onwards).

Or the Viet Minh at war’s end, when they fought the occupying British and returning French whilst steering clear of the Nationalist Chinese who descended on Indochina not so much to disarm the Japanese as to pillage whatever remained of the famine-ravaged economy (see here for a truly fascinating photo set of Saigon in 1945 when Leclerc’s formerly Free French hung out with Gurkhas and the recently surrendered but re-armed Japanese).

Or even Sukarno’s nationalists, who clashed with Indian troops and killed a British brigadier that same year as part of the bloody prelude to a protracted four-year war of independence against the Dutch (who were attired just as mongrely as their colonialist brethren in Tonkin).

The gentlemen pistoleers feature a fellow in fedora inspired by the prissy General Giap as he appeared during the heady days of the August Revolution (see the leftmost photo in the top row below). The other two figures were based on pictures taken in late 1930s Siam and wartime Thailand, though identical outfits were worn by Europeans and natives alike elsewhere in the region.

The all white suit may have disappeared from everyday life, but up until the early 60s it very much dominated the menswear scene in the tropics. Not owning any Napoleonic Austrians, I found painting them a complete novelty. Vallejo Model Colour Sky Grey was employed as the base for the Giap figure and VMC Stone Grey for the chap sporting the Bombay Bowler (note to self: the leather straps atop his helmet features VGC Charred Brown and an overlay of VGC Parasite Brown). I can’t say these have come out successfully in terms of conveying dapperness and class. One lesson definitely learnt is that the dictum of “less is more” applies especially to any attempt at painting white; not every fold or crease needs to be accentuated.

The figures’ civilian clothing provided a rare opportunity to play with bright colours outside of my usual repertoire. This proved a highly enlightening experience in the sense that it confirmed what I had long suspected, namely that us longtime painters possess an intuitive knowledge of what works and what doesn’t in the same way that experienced cooks know when and when not to add lemon zest or fish sauce to a dish. Not once did I have to brush on a corrective or redo an entire part. A case in point is the toff firing his revolver whose suit jacket was given a basecoat of Vallejo Game Colour Charred Brown followed by a highlight of VGC Terracota (a colour I almost never use) and whose socks were painted with VMC Ochre Brown and a second coat of VMC Golden Yellow. Both are combinations I had made up entirely on my own with nary an online precedent to emulate.

I also took the opportunity to try out a technique favoured by celebrity painters which I have long eschewed as too time consuming and unpredictable (I like my uniforms to be unrealistically uniform, thank you very much), namely the mixing of colours for successive shades. As a dye-in-the-wool adherent of the Dallimore method, my personal approach to shading is rooted in the wham-bam-thank-you-ma’am process of slapping on different paints atop one another. None of that blending madness serious modellers are so enamoured of for me! Though I should point out that by opportunity I actually meant necessity, as I have very little in the way of non-khaki hues and so had to mix up my own concoctions of crimson and pink.

Another departure from standard procedure was my choice to do the figures individually as opposed to painting them as a group in a factory line, one colour at a time. Necessity again dictated this, as it was more the lack of uniformity rather than any desire to experiment. Oddly enough I didn’t feel any sense of achievement the way John of Just Needs Varnish! did in doing things this way. If anything, I thought I was accomplishing very little at the end of each session!

So I was feeling a tad self-indulgent and also requested Matt to design some unarmed townsfolk in what is today seen as national costumes. He duly complied, and the results are nothing short of stellar. The Burmese gentleman I have made a barrister by painting his jacket black in imitation of the hordes of lawyers I always encountered milling around the municipal courthouse and the old High Court on visits to Yangon. Colours for the Malay blowhard was copied outright from a King & Country figurine available in their charming Streets of Old Hong Kong range while the longyi of the cheroot-toting Burmese bully was given a pattern I devised out of my own imagination, any resemblance to a Scottish clan’s tartan being purely coincidental. The Siamese worrywart constitutes my biggest disappointment of the lot, however, as I made an absolute dog’s dinner of his socks (note to self: never attempt an argyle pattern!). I should have also gone with a louder colour such as purple or yellow for the silk jacket, come to think of it. But hey, you live and learn.

Least successful of all was the varnishing, which still produced a bit of a sheen under intense lighting despite my best efforts. I have heard very good things about AK Interaktive’s Ultra Matte varnish, so perhaps therein lies salvation. So stay tuned for the next post to see my sampling of it!

Despatch from the workbench

For those readers wondering whether I had met an untimely Covid-induced demise, this post should engender a measure of chagrin. Sadly it falls well short of my rule of avoiding WIP posts, but given the length of my hiatus, I thought an update of sorts was in order.

So here’s a snapshot straight from the trenches, one showing two projects that have been consuming my free time these past several months: cavalry for the Franco-Thai War and one of the colour plates accompanying a forthcoming book that should go some way in dispelling the gross inaccuracies contained in a 2020 paperback from an Oxford-based publisher. Which will first see the light of day is a matter for the bookies, though I’d say the odds are evenly split seeing how much my patience for the runniness of Vallejo acrylics has dwindled.

Tomahto, tomayto / pagoda, stupa

Regardless of whether they are graduates of MIT or merely the University of Life, Thais are a superstitious bunch. Many barbershops close on Wednesdays as local wisdom has it that a haircut in the middle of the week is as good an idea as shoving a fork into a power socket. Many, irrespective of sex, age, or class, wouldn’t dream of scheduling a caesarean or wedding reception without consulting a professional soothsayer. And just about every other building — be it a simple hovel out in the boondocks or a glittering skyscraper smack bang in the city centre — has a shrine for its guardian spirit, whom you’re supposed to pay homage to every now and again (red fantas being the preferred offering, though in some cases cheroots will also do).

A CIVIL SERVANT IN BURMA (1913): “The country is full of pagodas, monasteries, theins, images of the Buddha, zayats.” © IWM SE 1019

And then there are amulets. Believed to imbue their wearers with divine protection, mention of these talismans is almost de rigueur in Thai veterans’ accounts of WWII and the Cold War. Such is their popularity that one mall on the outskirts of Bangkok even has entire floors dedicated solely to shops specialising in charms. And if that isn’t proof enough, there’s also the fact that one of the country’s most-read dailies has a dedicated column in lieu of a theatre section.

PEEPS AT MANY LANDS, BURMA (1908): Not only on the river-banks do these pagodas crown the hills, but in every town and village throughout the country; and in many remote districts, far from present habitations, some shrine, however simple, has been raised.

That amulets are so widely collected is nothing but a blessing for wargamers, as without them we’d never have readymade stupas available on Lazada for as cheap as £3 a piece. Made of acrylic plastic and a hollow core designed for the placement of amulets, these storage cases are Thai in style, though with a bit of a squint they’d pass muster as Burmese or Laotian fanes.

Stupas galore: a diorama depicting 17th Century Siam at the National Museum in Bangkok.

Unlike the Angkorean ruins or giant Buddhas so beloved of many a gaming table, stupas are ubiquitous throughout Theravada Southeast Asia in both rural and urban settings. They feature not only quite heavily in accounts of the Burma campaign (though they are invariably referred to as pagodas), but also on French unit badges and recruitment posters. Which is all the weirder that most wargamers appear not to have picked up on their existence, as in all my years of lurking on the internet I’ve only ever seen one modelled for the tabletop.

For the smallest stupas, I drew inspiration from the trio of whitewashed stupas that mark the Three Pagodas Pass — a defile in the Tenasserim mountains straddling the Thai-Myanmar border renowned for its role in the Burmese-Siamese wars that raged intermittently throughout the four centuries that preceded the slow-motion demise of the Konbaung Empire at the hands of the British — and had them grouped in a triangle, reckoning it a livelier configuration than a straight-laced row. They were undercoated in VPA Dark Rubber and drybrushed with successive coats of VMC Light Grey and VGC Dead White.

Measuring a staggering 140mm tall, the largest of the bunch has been given an attention-grabbing coat of VGC Glorious Gold washed with Army Painter Strong Tone ink to represent the numerous gilded stupas that abound throughout the region, particularly in Myanmar. The plinth is a 3d-printed design downloaded off Thingiverse and was touched up using the same choice of colours as that of the smallest models featured above.

The M-sized stupa sports an inverted combination of the preceding specimen, with the gilding being confined to the structure’s tip. The pedestal is the same as the largest stupa’s ; if memory serves me right, it was actually designed to base a Dr Who sculpture.

The sheer ubiquity of these monuments means you can plop them anywhere on the table and they would neither look out of place nor unrealistic. If you think the above scene improbable, just look up the Sule Pagoda in Yangon or the That Dam Stupa in Vientiane.

And finally, a size comparison picture with 20mm Thais from Elhiem Figures in the foreground. As per the overlong introduction, the models are available from a number of sellers on Lazada, the Alibaba-owned, Southeast Asian version of Amazon. Give them a try!

Entrenchments

Early War Miniatures may be best known for their unrivalled catalogue of obscure military hardware (I mean, who else does Norwegian field and mountain guns, in any scale?), but their vacuform terrain pieces aren’t half bad either. Being made of plastic, these field fortifications are incredibly light, a welcome difference from the far heavier resin emplacements available from other manufacturers.

First up is a large infantry strongpoint with “built up banks, piled sandbags riveted with wooden posts and wooden wattling” in the words of proprietor Paul Thompson. They come two to a bag and admittedly don’t look like much in their natural state, but they do paint up quite nicely.

The trick is to lather all of the exposed ground with sand. This adds an extra layer of detail which can then be brought out via drybrushing. For painting I relied upon the emulsion equivalents of my go-to colours for bases, namely Vallejo Game Colour Earth and Bonewhite. Consequently a basecoat of Nippon Paint’s Friar Tuck was applied, followed by a dry brush of Natural Oak.

The pieces was then flocked with my own custom blend of “meadow” static grass from Noch mixed with a potpourri of Woodland Scenics Fine Turf (specifically Burnt Grass, Green Grass, and Yellow Grass). Tajima 1 grass tufts were then added as a final touch to lend the pieces that extra bit of oomph.

The same method was used on the smaller sanger pieces, as the rest of the pictures will attest. For the gun pit’s wooden planks a basecoat of Foundry Bay Brown Shade was followed with drybrushings of Vallejo Gold Brown and Stonewall Grey, as per a tutorial from the Wargames Table. Sandbags were painted Vallejo Sand Yellow and washed with Army Painter Soft Tone inks.

So they you have it, smashingly simple readymade dug-in positions for those of us too timid to muck about with foamboard, mdf, and a modicum of imagination.

Bullock train

Motorisation was but a pipe dream for most WWII armies, including Hitler’s, but where the Thais differed was their heavy reliance on bovine forms of transport for the ferrying of supplies. The invasions of Indochina and north-eastern Burma were sustained by long columns of bullock carts and pack oxen; mules on the other hand appeared to have only been used for battalion infantry guns while elephants were a rarity despite their prominence in the logging industry.

The water buffaloes pictured here are from Platoon 20’s Vietnam range and were given succeeding coats of VMC Black, VMC German Grey, and a 2:1 mix of VMC German Grey and VMC London Grey. The intricately sculpted pack loads — one of which features a Vickers machinegun, which thankfully was part of the Thais’ inventory — are also Platoon 20 and can be found in their otherwise horrid Chindits range.

In a moment of absentmindedness I’d glued the horns on backwards and didn’t realise the mistake until the figurines had all been fully basecoated. Clearly I don’t get out into the country much! I may yet call upon the intervention of some acetone if this reminder of human frailty gets too irksome.

The drivers (or whatever the bullock equivalent of muleteers are) are by Elhiem and Early War Miniatures and were painted using my usual triad of VMC US Olive Drab, VGC Caliban Green, and VMC Russian Uniform.

Right then, on to the next set of four-legged beasts: horses!

More village houses

February saw the completion of two more of the Thai House Model kits. You’d have thought assembling them would be a breeze by now, but in my misguided complacency I actually ended up breaking all three houses’ roofing beams during their fittings, so delicate and paper-thin are the pieces. Which has naturally drained any enthusiasm I have for the other kit awaiting construction (oh, the things one does in the pursuit of accuracy!).

Though there is no question Tamiya Dull Red produces excellent results, they say variety is the spice of life and so two other of the company’s spray paints were employed. The two-house compound was sprayed with Tamiya Red Brown and given successive drybrushes of VPA New Wood and a lighter 2:1 mix of VPA New Wood and VMC Desert Sand. The roofs were doused in VMC Orange Red, after which a wash of Army Painter Strong Tone ink was applied. A final highlight of VMC German Orange was then drybrushed on to bring the tiles into relief.

By contrast, the poorer man’s house is a monotone affair with no attempt having been made to distinguish the roof. A different spray can was used for the basecoat, namely Tamiya Linoleum Deck Brown, though the subsequent highlights utilised the same Vallejo colours mentioned above, which probably accounts for why the difference between the two schemes is so negligible.

Fans of Rapid Fire! will be pleased to know that the smaller house is capable of, er, housing an entire company of Japanese. No mean feat, given the beefed-up size of such units at the start of the Pacific War.

Vichy mountain artillery

Though none of the French artillery units featured in Nowfel Leulliot’s venerable map of the Franco-Thai War (itself based on a situation report housed in the French army archives) are described as possessing any of these, Claude Hesse d’Alzon’s indispensable La presence militaire francaise en Indochine does list the 65mm Mle 1906 in its inventory of the Indochina garrison’s arsenal.

And as if that wasn’t enough, thanks to the ATF40 forum we also have photographic proof of their presence in the colony. Borne by Peugeut pickups, the guns pictured are posited by one poster to belong to the 4e Régiment d’Artillerie Coloniale, a formation stationed in Tonkin.

The guns are SHQ and, unusually for this hallowed brand, were mastered by David Reasoner, the wargaming world’s leading expert on the KNIL. And very good they are too, though one of the wheels was marred by a broken spoke. I have omitted one fiddly bit I think is the gunsight as I had already had one too many superglue debacles that day. The crews comprise the usual suspects from Elhiem Figures.

Vichy heavy weapons

As the horse limbers to the Thai guns promised in my last post were proving to be so much of a chore that they threatened to obliterate my painting mojo, I instead devoted the past weekend to providing my long neglected French collection with some heavy weapons support using the crew packs from Elhiem Figures.

First up is a 25mm anti-tank gun. Made by Shellhole Scenics, it was an absolute delight to put together, being not just flash-free but also beautifully designed.

Purists will note that the paint scheme’s combination of Flat Earth, Bronze Green, and Tan Yellow (all Vallejo and copied from the Flames of War guide) is pure fantasy as the only hardware that appear to have sported a camouflage pattern in Vichy Indochina were the Panhard armoured cars and Citroen-Kegresse halftracks.

The unsurprising shortfall of modern weaponry in Indochina meant that many of the infantry battalions had to make do with the 37mm trench gun of Great War vintage, which more than twice outnumbered the Hotchkiss anti-tank guns available to the colony. Mine are by Early War Miniatures.

And lastly, a pair of Hotchkiss machine guns together with a helpful observer, all courtesy of Elhiem Figures.

Thai heavy artillery

The second unit to be completed as part of the week’s Big Push, this heavy artillery battalion (in Rapid Fire! terms, that is) stands ready to support the trudge up Indochina’s Route Coloniale 1 towards the elusive objective of Sisophon.

That I was able to churn these out in record time has much to do with the fact that the crew figures were actually painted nearly a decade ago, leaving only the observers to be done.

The guns are from Shellhole Scenics‘ Hungarian range, and like all of that maker’s products they are beautifully cast. Unfortunately they were a bit fiddly to assemble and, in the untrained hands of one such as myself, the end result is a slanted wobbliness that’s utterly unseemly of these behemoths.

The gunners are by Elhiem Figures and the clutter of shells and crates mainly Raventhorpe’s. For my own reference, the latter were basecoated in VMC Olive Grey, washed with Army Painter Dark Tone, and successively layered with VMC Olive Green and a 1:1 mix of VMC Olive Grey and VMC Flat Yellow.

Standing in for the Landsverk artillery tractor is the Japanese Type 98 “Shi-Ke”, which of course looks nothing like its Swedish counterpart. The tractor is from S&S Models and was a complete disappointment to behold. Design-wise it’s comparable to a Frontline Wargaming kit, which is to say it’s simple and workman-like. But unlike the average Frontline Wargaming product, the model is horribly moulded, with a good number of air bubbles and what seemed to me like unremovable flash, giving its £8.50 price tag the sheen of daylight robbery.

The helmeted observer is a Polish cavalryman from SHQ while his diminutive pal hails from that company’s early war Wehrmacht range. Hardly suitable as Thais, but then again no one’s going to notice at arm’s length.

To whisk the duo around is a diecast Vauxhall VX10 (a “pre-war version with vertical grille” according to the box) by Pocketbond repainted in VMC Olive Grey, the same colour as the guns and tractor. The license plate has been omitted pending the release of Black Lion Decal’s Thai army set.

Interestingly enough, the 105mm Bofors doesn’t appear to have been restricted to just heavy artillery battalions. Two firsthand accounts of the Japanese invasion — one an after-action report by a battalion commander at Nakhon Si Thammarat and the other a memoir penned half a century after the event by a battery commander at Songkhla — describe their battalions as having a battery of these alongside their regular 75mm calibre guns.

In photographing these I have attempted to pay homage to scratchbuilder extraordinaire and fellow Rapid Fire! enthusiast João Pedro Peixoto, whose bucolic backdrops to his prolific output I have long admired.

Next up: horse artillery!

Thai six tonners

The first proper plastic kits I ever built, these had been sitting primed and ready for painting since June, the month I stopped working from home.

The Vickers Mark E Type B is arguably the tank most associated with the Thai army of WWII, never mind the fact that it was outnumbered by the Ha-Go. That this is the case is likely a result of people knowing only of the Franco-Thai War — during which the six tonners famously saw action against the Foreign Legion, whose erroneous claim of having destroyed three of the tanks has been repeated ad verbatim all over — and not the rest of Thailand’s participation in the wider world war, which was when the Japanese-made tanks were put into the field.

Unusually for a tank whose commercial success resulted in its showing up in locales as far flung as South America and the Balkans, in 20mm there are only two makes to choose from. The first is a four-piece resin casting from Frontline Wargaming, a firm that manages the impossible feat of providing decent, wargamer-friendly wares at economy prices. At the other extreme there’s the plastic injection kit from Mirage Hobby of Poland which is more aimed at serious hobbyists who get off on tackling complex builds.

Wanting an open hatch, I went against instinct and opted for the Mirage kit. While I cannot claim to have cherished the assembly of 132 individual wheels from double that amount of pieces, it was a straightforward enough build.

The painting is what you would expect of a simpleton such as myself, consisting of a base of VMC Olive Grey, a wash of dark brown (more on that in a minute), and a drybrush of a 1:1 mix of Desert Yellow and Olive Grey. No pigments or filters for the likes of me!

Time for a quick plug: I cannot recommend Tamiya’s line of enamel-based washes enough. I know it’s the modelling equivalent of preferring Heineken over a double IPA from deepest darkest Congo, but I think these are superior to the MIG stuff everyone and their nan have been hollering praise for. They are certainly easier to use, being adorned with tiny, built-in brushes that are perfect for pin washes.

The commander figure is actually a Lancer Miniatures French crewman whose head has been replaced with that of an American tanker from Raventhorpe. His overalls was painted in the standard scheme I use for my Thais while the goggles received a base of VMC London Grey followed by a second coat of VMC Sky Grey, with VMC Azure being employed for the glass.

I shall definitely be revisiting these sometime after the new year, once Black Lion releases their set of Thai army decals.

Next up in my rearmament programme: howitzers!